Drug-Resistant Bacteria Evolved on Hedgehogs Long Before the Use of Antibiotics

Beneath the prickly spines of European hedgehogs, a microbial standoff may have bred a dangerous drug-resistant pathogen long before the era of antibiotic use in humans. It’s no question that antibiotic use accelerates drug-resistance in bacteria that colonize humans. But these microbes had to get the genes to give them resistance from somewhere, and scientists don’t know where most of these genes come from. Now, for one type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, scientists have tracked its evolution to hedgehogs hundreds of years ago.

One of the most common drug-resistant pathogens, MRSA infects hundreds of thousands of people worldwide each year, and these infections can be hard to treat. The specific type of MRSA that the new study focuses on causes a fraction of the cases in humans.

Of these animals collected from Denmark, 61 percent carried MRSA. Scientists found this extremely high prevalence in hedgehogs, suggesting that the animals were a reservoir for the drug-resistant superbug. In the new work, the scientists surveyed hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus and Erinaceus roumanicus) from 10 European countries and New Zealand. Workers at wildlife rescue centers swabbed the noses, skin and feet of 276 animals. MRSA was prevalent in hedgehogs in the United Kingdom, Scandinavia and the Czech Republic.

Analyzing the S. aureus, the team found 16 strains of mecC-MRSA, named after the gene that confers resistance, and mapped the evolutionary relationships between them by comparing mutations across their genetic instruction manuals, or genomes. From the analysis, the team inferred that the three oldest lineages emerged 130 to 200 years ago in hedgehog populations, periodically infecting people and cattle long before penicillin hit the market in the 1940s. Hedgehogs may be the source of nine out of the 16 lineages, the researchers report.

There is no doubt that our usage of antibiotics is the main driver of resistance in human pathogens. This is a very special case where we can just track it back to an origin. But that doesn’t explain how the hedgehogs’ S. aureus developed resistance. The team got a clue from a 1960s research study about Trichophyton erinacei, a fungus that causes hedgehog ringworm in humans. That study reported that T. erinacei on hedgehog skin killed some S. aureus but not others that were resistant to penicillin. Growing T. erinacei in the lab, the researchers identified two penicillin-like antibiotics pumped out by the fungi.

This finding suggests that hedgehogs are a MRSA reservoir because they’re living cheek by jowl with organisms that are producing penicillin. The fungi live in a bad neighborhood. They have to compete with other microbes, such as S. aureus, for resources and a spot to colonize on the host, and they have to work out this arrangement where they can protect themselves.

CITATIONS J. Larsen et al. Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics. Nature. Published online January 5, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04265-w.